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xen-devel
RE: [Xen-devel] Re: NUMA and SMP
> -----Original Message-----
> From: tgh [mailto:tianguanhua@xxxxxxxxxx]
> Sent: 20 March 2007 13:10
> To: Emmanuel Ackaouy
> Cc: Petersson, Mats; Anthony Liguori; xen-devel; David
> Pilger; Ryan Harper
> Subject: Re: [Xen-devel] Re: NUMA and SMP
>
> I am puzzled ,what is the page migration?
> Thank you in advance
I'm not entirely sure it's the correct term, but I used to indicate that if you
allocate some memory local to processor no X, and then later on, the page is
used by processor Y, then one could consider "moving" the page from the memory
region of X to the memory region of Y. So you "migrate" the page from one
processor to another. This is of course not a "free" operation, and it's only
really helpful if the memory is accessed many times (and not cached each time
it's accessed).
A case where this can be done "almost for free" is when a page is swapped out,
and on return, allocate the page from the processor that made the access. But
of course, if you're looking for ultimate performance, swapping is a terrible
idea - so making small optimizations in memory management when you're loosing
tons of cycles by swapping is meaningless as a overall performance gain.
--
Mats
>
>
> Emmanuel Ackaouy 写道:
> > On the topic of NUMA:
> >
> > I'd like to dispute the assumption that a NUMA-aware OS can actually
> > make good decisions about the initial placement of memory in a
> > reasonable hardware ccNUMA system.
> >
> > How does the OS know on which node a particular chunk of memory
> > will be most accessed? The truth is that unless the application or
> > person running the application is herself NUMA-aware and can provide
> > placement hints or directives, the OS will seldom beat a
> round-robin /
> > interleave or random placement strategy.
> >
> > To illustrate, consider an app which lays out a bunch of
> data in memory
> > in a single thread and then spawns worker threads to process it.
> >
> > Is the OS to place memory close to the initial thread? How can it
> > possibly
> > know how many threads will eventually process the data?
> >
> > Even if the OS knew how many threads will eventually crunch
> the data,
> > it cannot possibly know at placement time if each thread
> will work on an
> > assigned data subset (and if so, which one) or if it will act as a
> > pipeline
> > stage with all the data being passed from one thread to the next.
> >
> > If you go beyond initial memory placement or start
> considering memory
> > migration, then it's even harder to win because you have to pay copy
> > and stall penalties during migrations. So you have to be real smart
> > about predicting the future to do better than your ~10-40% memory
> > bandwidth and latency hit associated with doing simple memory
> > interleaving on a modern hardware-ccNUMA system.
> >
> > And it gets worse for you when your app is successfully
> taking advantage
> > of the memory cache hierarchy because its performance is
> less impacted
> > by raw memory latency and bandwidth.
> >
> > Things also get more difficult on a time-sharing host with competing
> > apps.
> >
> > There is a strong argument for making hypervisors and OSes NUMA
> > aware in the sense that:
> > 1- They know about system topology
> > 2- They can export this information up the stack to
> applications and
> > users
> > 3- They can take in directives from users and applications to
> > partition the
> > host and place some threads and memory in specific partitions.
> > 4- They use an interleaved (or random) initial memory
> placement strategy
> > by default.
> >
> > The argument that the OS on its own -- without user or application
> > directives -- can make better placement decisions than
> round-robin or
> > random placement is -- in my opinion -- flawed.
> >
> > I also am skeptical that the complexity associated with
> page migration
> > strategies would be worthwhile: If you got it wrong the
> first time, what
> > makes you think you'll do better this time?
> >
> > Emmanuel.
> >
> >
> > _______________________________________________
> > Xen-devel mailing list
> > Xen-devel@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
> > http://lists.xensource.com/xen-devel
> >
> >
>
>
>
>
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