Hi Ryan,
>blktap2 devices must be handled differently than blktap2 devices. blktap2
^^^^^^^
blktap1? typo?
Basically questions:
How should I define a disk parameter into VM configuration files to use
blktap1 devices?
e.g. disk = [ 'tap:aio:root-vm1.img,xvda,w' ]
How should I define a disk parameter into VM configuration files to use
blktap2 devices?
e.g. disk = [ 'tap2:aio:root-vm2.img,xvda,w' ]
If you distinguish the device class of blktap2 devices from the device
class of blktap1 devices, should you modify it as follows?
I think that the device class of blktap1 devices should be 'tap' if we
use blktap1 devices as before.
diff -r 7397608bce87 -r 6295171d4ccc tools/python/xen/xm/create.py
--- a/tools/python/xen/xm/create.py Mon Jun 29 15:50:32 2009 +0100
+++ b/tools/python/xen/xm/create.py Tue Jun 30 17:44:41 2009 -0700
@@ -718,7 +718,7 @@ def configure_disks(config_devs, vals):
"""
for (uname, dev, mode, backend, protocol) in vals.disk:
if uname.startswith('tap:'):
cls = 'tap'
+ elif uname.startswith('tap2:'):
+ cls = 'tap2'
else:
cls = 'vbd'
Best regards,
Kan
Tue, 30 Jun 2009 17:49:44 -0700, "Ryan O'Connor" wrote:
># HG changeset patch
># User Ryan O'Connor <rjo@xxxxxxxxx>
># Date 1246409081 25200
># Node ID 6295171d4ccc60f80f0411217d9b1c7d8543c804
># Parent 7397608bce877b151ee507413a8e228092947ee4
>blktap2: add blktap2 device class and device controller
>
>blktap2 devices must be handled differently than blktap2 devices. blktap2
>devices require a sysfs write to close the underlying device, as well as
>extra
>sysfs writes when the domU is paused/unpaused. The differences between
>blktap1
>and blktap2 are great enough to warrant the creation of a new device class,
>'tap2', and device controller for blktap2 devices.
>
> * add a new device controller (Blktap2Controller) and device class (tap2)
> for
> blktap2 devices
> * move blktap2 specific code from DevController to Blktap2Controller
> * if possible, check xenstore to determine block device class
> * use vmpath (/vm/<uuid>/) when releasing devices
> * modify linux hotplug cleanup script to handle blktap2 device removal
>
>Signed-off-by: Ryan O'Connor <rjo@xxxxxxxxx>
>
>diff -r 7397608bce87 -r 6295171d4ccc tools/hotplug/Linux/xen-hotplug-cleanup
>--- a/tools/hotplug/Linux/xen-hotplug-cleanup Mon Jun 29 15:50:32 2009 +0100
>+++ b/tools/hotplug/Linux/xen-hotplug-cleanup Tue Jun 30 17:44:41 2009 -0700
>@@ -18,6 +18,13 @@ vm=$(xenstore_read_default "/local/domai
> # construct /vm/UUID/device/DEVCLASS/DEVID
> if [ "$vm" != "" ]; then
> vm_dev="$vm/device/${path_array[1]}/${path_array[3]}"
>+
>+ # if the vm path does not exist and the device class is 'vbd' then we
>may have
>+ # a tap2 device
>+ if [ ! $(xenstore-read "vm_dev" 2>/dev/null) ] \
>+ && [ "${path_array[1]}" = "vbd" ]; then
>+ vm_dev="$vm/device/tap2/${path_array[3]}"
>+ fi
> else
> vm_dev=
> fi
>diff -r 7397608bce87 -r 6295171d4ccc tools/python/xen/xend/XendConfig.py
>--- a/tools/python/xen/xend/XendConfig.py Mon Jun 29 15:50:32 2009 +0100
>+++ b/tools/python/xen/xend/XendConfig.py Tue Jun 30 17:44:41 2009 -0700
>@@ -1114,7 +1114,7 @@ class XendConfig(dict):
> controller = domain.getDeviceController(cls)
> configs = controller.configurations(txn)
> for config in configs:
>- if sxp.name(config) in ('vbd', 'tap'):
>+ if sxp.name(config) in ('vbd', 'tap',
>'tap2'):
> dev_uuid = sxp.child_value(config,
>'uuid')
> dev_type, dev_cfg = self['devices'][
>dev_uuid]
> if sxp.child_value(config, 'bootable',
> None) is None:
>@@ -1179,7 +1179,7 @@ class XendConfig(dict):
> def device_duplicate_check(self, dev_type, dev_info, defined_config,
>config):
> defined_devices_sxpr = self.all_devices_sxpr(target =
>defined_config)
>
>- if dev_type == 'vbd' or dev_type == 'tap':
>+ if dev_type == 'vbd' or dev_type == 'tap' or dev_type == 'tap2':
> dev_uname = dev_info.get('uname')
> blkdev_name = dev_info.get('dev')
> devid = self._blkdev_name_to_number(blkdev_name)
>@@ -1187,7 +1187,7 @@ class XendConfig(dict):
> return
>
> for o_dev_type, o_dev_info in defined_devices_sxpr:
>- if o_dev_type == 'vbd' or o_dev_type == 'tap':
>+ if o_dev_type == 'vbd' or o_dev_type == 'tap' or
>o_dev_type == 'tap2':
> blkdev_file = blkdev_uname_to_file(dev_uname)
> o_dev_uname = sxp.child_value(o_dev_info, 'uname')
> if o_dev_uname != None:
>@@ -1369,7 +1369,7 @@ class XendConfig(dict):
> else:
> dev_info['driver'] = 'paravirtualised'
>
>- if dev_type == 'tap':
>+ if dev_type == 'tap' or dev_type == 'tap2':
> if dev_info['uname'].split(':')[1] not in blktap_disk_types:
> raise XendConfigError("tap:%s not a valid disk type" %
> dev_info['uname'].split(':')[1])
>@@ -1406,7 +1406,7 @@ class XendConfig(dict):
> # Compat hack -- mark first disk bootable
> dev_info['bootable'] = int(not target[param])
> target[param].append(dev_uuid)
>- elif dev_type == 'tap':
>+ elif dev_type == 'tap' or dev_type == 'tap2':
> if 'vbd_refs' not in target:
> target['vbd_refs'] = []
> if dev_uuid not in target['vbd_refs']:
>@@ -1504,7 +1504,7 @@ class XendConfig(dict):
> target['devices'][dev_uuid] = (dev_type, dev_info)
> target['vif_refs'].append(dev_uuid)
>
>- elif dev_type in ('vbd', 'tap'):
>+ elif dev_type in ('vbd', 'tap', 'tap2'):
> dev_info['type'] = cfg_xenapi.get('type', 'Disk')
> if dev_info['type'] == 'CD':
> old_vbd_type = 'cdrom'
>diff -r 7397608bce87 -r 6295171d4ccc tools/python/xen/xend/XendDevices.py
>--- a/tools/python/xen/xend/XendDevices.py Mon Jun 29 15:50:32 2009 +0100
>+++ b/tools/python/xen/xend/XendDevices.py Tue Jun 30 17:44:41 2009 -0700
>@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
> #
>
> from xen.xend.server import blkif, netif, tpmif, pciif, iopif, irqif,
>vfbif, vscsiif
>-from xen.xend.server.BlktapController import BlktapController
>+from xen.xend.server.BlktapController import BlktapController,
>Blktap2Controller
> from xen.xend.server.ConsoleController import ConsoleController
>
>
>@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ class XendDevices:
> 'ioports': iopif.IOPortsController,
> 'irq': irqif.IRQController,
> 'tap': BlktapController,
>+ 'tap2': Blktap2Controller,
> 'vfb': vfbif.VfbifController,
> 'vkbd': vfbif.VkbdifController,
> 'console': ConsoleController,
>diff -r 7397608bce87 -r 6295171d4ccc tools/python/xen/xend/XendDomainInfo.py
>--- a/tools/python/xen/xend/XendDomainInfo.py Mon Jun 29 15:50:32 2009 +0100
>+++ b/tools/python/xen/xend/XendDomainInfo.py Tue Jun 30 17:44:41 2009 -0700
>@@ -538,12 +538,11 @@ class XendDomainInfo:
> @raise XendError: Failed pausing a domain
> """
> try:
>- bepath="/local/domain/0/backend/"
> if(self.domid):
>-
>- dev = xstransact.List(bepath + 'vbd' + "/%d" % (self.
>domid,))
>+ # get all blktap2 devices
>+ dev = xstransact.List(self.vmpath + 'device/tap2')
> for x in dev:
>- path = self.getDeviceController('vbd').readBackend(x,
>'params')
>+ path = self.getDeviceController('tap2').readBackend(x,
> 'params')
> if path and path.startswith('/dev/xen/blktap-2'):
> #Figure out the sysfs path.
> pattern = re.compile('/dev/xen/blktap-2/tapdev(\d+
>)$')
>@@ -569,11 +568,10 @@ class XendDomainInfo:
> @raise XendError: Failed unpausing a domain
> """
> try:
>- bepath="/local/domain/0/backend/"
> if(self.domid):
>- dev = xstransact.List(bepath + "vbd" + "/%d" % (self.
>domid,))
>+ dev = xstransact.List(self.vmpath + 'device/tap2')
> for x in dev:
>- path = self.getDeviceController('vbd').readBackend(x,
>'params')
>+ path = self.getDeviceController('tap2').readBackend(x,
> 'params')
> if path and path.startswith('/dev/xen/blktap-2'):
> #Figure out the sysfs path.
> pattern = re.compile('/dev/xen/blktap-2/tapdev(\d+
>)$')
>@@ -812,6 +810,11 @@ class XendDomainInfo:
> try:
> dev_config_dict['devid'] = devid = \
> self._createDevice(dev_type, dev_config_dict)
>+ if dev_type == 'tap2':
>+ # createDevice may create a blktap1 device if blktap2
>is not
>+ # installed or if the blktap driver is not supported in
>+ # blktap1
>+ dev_type = self.getBlockDeviceClass(devid)
> self._waitForDevice(dev_type, devid)
> except VmError, ex:
> del self.info['devices'][dev_uuid]
>@@ -821,7 +824,7 @@ class XendDomainInfo:
> elif dev_type == 'vscsi':
> for dev in dev_config_dict['devs']:
> XendAPIStore.deregister(dev['uuid'], 'DSCSI')
>- elif dev_type == 'tap':
>+ elif dev_type == 'tap' or dev_type == 'tap2':
> self.info['vbd_refs'].remove(dev_uuid)
> else:
> self.info['%s_refs' % dev_type].remove(dev_uuid)
>@@ -1200,9 +1203,10 @@ class XendDomainInfo:
> if self.domid is not None:
>
> #new blktap implementation may need a sysfs write after
>everything is torn down.
>- dev = self.getDeviceController(deviceClass).
>convertToDeviceNumber(devid)
>- path = self.getDeviceController(deviceClass).readBackend(dev,
>'params')
>- if path and path.startswith('/dev/xen/blktap-2'):
>+
>+ if deviceClass == 'tap2':
>+ dev = self.getDeviceController(deviceClass).
>convertToDeviceNumber(devid)
>+ path = self.getDeviceController(deviceClass).readBackend(
>dev, 'params')
> frontpath = self.getDeviceController(deviceClass).
>frontendPath(dev)
> backpath = xstransact.Read(frontpath, "backend")
> thread.start_new_thread(self.getDeviceController(
>deviceClass).finishDeviceCleanup, (backpath, path))
>@@ -1238,7 +1242,7 @@ class XendDomainInfo:
> dev_info = self._getDeviceInfo_vif(mac)
> else:
> _, dev_info = sxprs[dev]
>- else: # 'vbd' or 'tap'
>+ else: # 'vbd' or 'tap' or 'tap2'
> dev_info = self._getDeviceInfo_vbd(dev)
> # To remove the UUID of the device from refs,
> # deviceClass must be always 'vbd'.
>@@ -1267,7 +1271,7 @@ class XendDomainInfo:
> sxprs = []
> dev_num = 0
> for dev_type, dev_info in self.info.all_devices_sxpr():
>- if (deviceClass == 'vbd' and dev_type not in ['vbd', 'tap'
>]) or \
>+ if (deviceClass == 'vbd' and dev_type not in ['vbd', 'tap'
>, 'tap2']) or \
> (deviceClass != 'vbd' and dev_type != deviceClass):
> continue
>
>@@ -1295,12 +1299,27 @@ class XendDomainInfo:
> return sxprs
>
> def getBlockDeviceClass(self, devid):
>- # To get a device number from the devid,
>- # we temporarily use the device controller of VBD.
>- dev = self.getDeviceController('vbd').convertToDeviceNumber(devid)
>- dev_info = self._getDeviceInfo_vbd(dev)
>- if dev_info:
>- return dev_info[0]
>+ # if the domain is running we can get the device class from
>xenstore.
>+ # This is more accurate, as blktap1 devices show up as blktap2
>devices
>+ # in the config.
>+ if self._stateGet() in (DOM_STATE_RUNNING, DOM_STATE_PAUSED,
>DOM_STATE_CRASHED):
>+ # All block devices have a vbd frontend, so we know the
>frontend path
>+ dev = self.getDeviceController('vbd').convertToDeviceNumber(
>devid)
>+ frontendPath = "%s/device/vbd/%s" % (self.dompath, dev)
>+ for devclass in XendDevices.valid_devices():
>+ for dev in xstransact.List("%s/device/%s" % (self.vmpath,
>devclass)):
>+ devFrontendPath = xstransact.Read("%s/device/%s/%s/
>frontend" % (self.vmpath, devclass, dev))
>+ if frontendPath == devFrontendPath:
>+ return devclass
>+
>+ else: # the domain is not active so we must get the device class
>+ # from the config
>+ # To get a device number from the devid,
>+ # we temporarily use the device controller of VBD.
>+ dev = self.getDeviceController('vbd').convertToDeviceNumber(
>devid)
>+ dev_info = self._getDeviceInfo_vbd(dev)
>+ if dev_info:
>+ return dev_info[0]
>
> def _getDeviceInfo_vif(self, mac):
> for dev_type, dev_info in self.info.all_devices_sxpr():
>@@ -1311,7 +1330,7 @@ class XendDomainInfo:
>
> def _getDeviceInfo_vbd(self, devid):
> for dev_type, dev_info in self.info.all_devices_sxpr():
>- if dev_type != 'vbd' and dev_type != 'tap':
>+ if dev_type != 'vbd' and dev_type != 'tap' and dev_type !=
>'tap2':
> continue
> dev = sxp.child_value(dev_info, 'dev')
> dev = dev.split(':')[0]
>@@ -2256,26 +2275,19 @@ class XendDomainInfo:
> log.debug("No device model")
>
> log.debug("Releasing devices")
>- t = xstransact("%s/device" % self.dompath)
>+ t = xstransact("%s/device" % self.vmpath)
> try:
> for devclass in XendDevices.valid_devices():
> for dev in t.list(devclass):
> try:
>- true_devclass = devclass
>- if devclass == 'vbd':
>- # In the case of "vbd", the true device class
>- # may possibly be "tap". Just in case, verify
>- # device class.
>- devid = dev.split('/')[-1]
>- true_devclass = self.getBlockDeviceClass(devid)
> log.debug("Removing %s", dev);
>- self.destroyDevice(true_devclass, dev, False);
>+ self.destroyDevice(devclass, dev, False);
> except:
> # Log and swallow any exceptions in removal --
> # there's nothing more we can do.
> log.exception("Device release failed: %s; %s; %s",
> self.info['name_label'],
>- true_devclass, dev)
>+ devclass, dev)
> finally:
> t.abort()
>
>@@ -2948,7 +2960,7 @@ class XendDomainInfo:
>
> fn = blkdev_uname_to_file(disk)
> taptype = blkdev_uname_to_taptype(disk)
>- mounted = devtype == 'tap' and taptype != 'aio' and taptype !=
> 'sync' and not os.stat(fn).st_rdev
>+ mounted = devtype in ['tap', 'tap2'] and taptype != 'aio' and
>taptype != 'sync' and not os.stat(fn).st_rdev
> if mounted:
> # This is a file, not a device. pygrub can cope with a
> # file if it's raw, but if it's QCOW or other such formats
>@@ -3052,7 +3064,8 @@ class XendDomainInfo:
> diff = time.time() - start
> vbds = self.getDeviceController('vbd').deviceIDs()
> taps = self.getDeviceController('tap').deviceIDs()
>- for i in vbds + taps:
>+ tap2s = self.getDeviceController('tap2').deviceIDs()
>+ for i in vbds + taps + tap2s:
> test = 1
> log.info("Dev %s still active, looping...", i)
> time.sleep(0.1)
>@@ -3635,7 +3648,7 @@ class XendDomainInfo:
> """
> xenapi_vbd['image'] = vdi_image_path
> if vdi_image_path.startswith('tap'):
>- dev_uuid = self.info.device_add('tap', cfg_xenapi = xenapi_vbd)
>+ dev_uuid = self.info.device_add('tap2', cfg_xenapi = xenapi_vbd)
> else:
> dev_uuid = self.info.device_add('vbd', cfg_xenapi = xenapi_vbd)
>
>@@ -3647,7 +3660,7 @@ class XendDomainInfo:
> _, config = self.info['devices'][dev_uuid]
>
> if vdi_image_path.startswith('tap'):
>- dev_control = self.getDeviceController('tap')
>+ dev_control = self.getDeviceController('tap2')
> else:
> dev_control = self.getDeviceController('vbd')
>
>diff -r 7397608bce87 -r 6295171d4ccc tools/python/xen/xend/server/
>BlktapController.py
>--- a/tools/python/xen/xend/server/BlktapController.py Mon Jun 29 15:50:32
>2009 +0100
>+++ b/tools/python/xen/xend/server/BlktapController.py Tue Jun 30 17:44:41
>2009 -0700
>@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ blktap_disk_types = [
> 'ioemu',
> 'tapdisk',
> ]
>-
>+
> def doexec(args, inputtext=None):
> """Execute a subprocess, then return its return code, stdout and
>stderr"""
> proc = popen2.Popen3(args, True)
>@@ -49,8 +49,7 @@ def parseDeviceString(device):
>
> return minor, device, control
>
>-
>-
>+# blktap1 device controller
> class BlktapController(BlkifController):
> def __init__(self, vm):
> BlkifController.__init__(self, vm)
>@@ -59,11 +58,6 @@ class BlktapController(BlkifController):
> """@see DevController#frontendRoot"""
>
> return "%s/device/vbd" % self.vm.getDomainPath()
>-
>- def devicePath(self, devid):
>- """@see DevController#devicePath"""
>-
>- return "%s/device/vbd/%s" % (self.vm.vmpath, devid)
>
> def getDeviceDetails(self, config):
> (devid, back, front) = BlkifController.getDeviceDetails(self,
>config)
>@@ -123,6 +117,20 @@ class BlktapController(BlkifController):
>
> return (devid, back, front)
>
>+class Blktap2Controller(BlktapController):
>+ def __init__(self, vm):
>+ BlktapController.__init__(self, vm)
>+
>+ def backendPath(self, backdom, devid):
>+ if self.deviceClass == 'tap2':
>+ deviceClass = 'vbd'
>+ else:
>+ deviceClass = 'tap'
>+ return "%s/backend/%s/%s/%d" % (backdom.getDomainPath(),
>+ deviceClass,
>+ self.vm.getDomid(), devid)
>+
>+
> def createDevice(self, config):
>
> uname = config.get('required_uname', '')
>@@ -140,12 +148,16 @@ class BlktapController(BlkifController):
> stderr.close();
> if( out.find("blktap2") >= 0 ):
> blktap2_installed=1;
>-
>+
> if typ in ('tap'):
>- if subtyp in ('tapdisk'):
>
>+ if subtyp in ('tapdisk'):
> if params in ('ioemu', 'qcow2', 'vmdk', 'sync') or not
>blktap2_installed:
>- log.warn('WARNING: using deprecated blktap module');
>- return BlkifController.createDevice(self, config);
>+ # pass this device off to BlktapController
>+ log.warn('WARNING: using deprecated blktap module')
>+ self.deviceClass = 'tap'
>+ devid = BlktapController.createDevice(self, config)
>+ self.deviceClass = 'tap2'
>+ return devid
>
> cmd = [ TAPDISK_BINARY, '-n', '%s:%s' % (params, file) ]
> (rc,stdout,stderr) = doexec(cmd)
>@@ -165,7 +177,32 @@ class BlktapController(BlkifController):
> #device is configured. Then continue to create the device
> config.update({'uname' : 'phy:' + device.rstrip()})
>
>- self.deviceClass='vbd'
> devid = BlkifController.createDevice(self, config)
>- self.deviceClass='tap'
> return devid
>+
>+ # The new blocktap implementation requires a sysfs signal to close
>+ # out disks. This function is called from a thread when the
>+ # domain is detached from the disk.
>+ def finishDeviceCleanup(self, backpath, path):
>+ """Perform any device specific cleanup
>+
>+ @backpath backend xenstore path.
>+ @path frontend device path
>+
>+ """
>+
>+ #Figure out what we're going to wait on.
>+ self.waitForBackend_destroy(backpath)
>+
>+ #Figure out the sysfs path.
>+ pattern = re.compile('/dev/xen/blktap-2/tapdev(\d+)$')
>+ ctrlid = pattern.search(path)
>+ ctrl = '/sys/class/blktap2/blktap' + ctrlid.group(1)
>+
>+ #Close out the disk
>+ f = open(ctrl + '/remove', 'w')
>+ f.write('remove');
>+ f.close()
>+
>+ return
>+
>diff -r 7397608bce87 -r 6295171d4ccc tools/python/xen/xend/server/
>DevController.py
>--- a/tools/python/xen/xend/server/DevController.py Mon Jun 29 15:50:32
>2009 +0100
>+++ b/tools/python/xen/xend/server/DevController.py Tue Jun 30 17:44:41
>2009 -0700
>@@ -238,34 +238,6 @@ class DevController:
> # xstransact.Remove(self.devicePath()) ?? Below is the same ?
> self.vm._removeVm("device/%s/%d" % (self.deviceClass, dev))
>
>- # The new blocktap implementation requires a sysfs signal to close
>- # out disks. This function is called from a thread when the
>- # domain is detached from the disk.
>- def finishDeviceCleanup(self, backpath, path):
>- """Perform any device specific cleanup
>-
>- @backpath backend xenstore path.
>- @path frontend device path
>-
>- """
>-
>- if path and path.startswith('/dev/xen/blktap-2'):
>-
>- #Figure out what we're going to wait on.
>- self.waitForBackend_destroy(backpath)
>-
>- #Figure out the sysfs path.
>- pattern = re.compile('/dev/xen/blktap-2/tapdev(\d+)$')
>- ctrlid = pattern.search(path)
>- ctrl = '/sys/class/blktap2/blktap' + ctrlid.group(1)
>-
>- #Close out the disk
>- f = open(ctrl + '/remove', 'w')
>- f.write('remove');
>- f.close()
>-
>- return
>-
> def configurations(self, transaction = None):
> return map(lambda x: self.configuration(x, transaction), self.
>deviceIDs(transaction))
>
>@@ -575,7 +547,6 @@ class DevController:
>
> backpath = self.readVm(devid, "backend")
>
>-
> if backpath:
> statusPath = backpath + '/' + HOTPLUG_STATUS_NODE
> ev = Event()
>diff -r 7397608bce87 -r 6295171d4ccc tools/python/xen/xm/create.py
>--- a/tools/python/xen/xm/create.py Mon Jun 29 15:50:32 2009 +0100
>+++ b/tools/python/xen/xm/create.py Tue Jun 30 17:44:41 2009 -0700
>@@ -718,7 +718,7 @@ def configure_disks(config_devs, vals):
> """
> for (uname, dev, mode, backend, protocol) in vals.disk:
> if uname.startswith('tap:'):
>- cls = 'tap'
>+ cls = 'tap2'
> else:
> cls = 'vbd'
>
>diff -r 7397608bce87 -r 6295171d4ccc tools/python/xen/xm/main.py
>--- a/tools/python/xen/xm/main.py Mon Jun 29 15:50:32 2009 +0100
>+++ b/tools/python/xen/xm/main.py Tue Jun 30 17:44:41 2009 -0700
>@@ -2371,7 +2371,7 @@ def parse_block_configuration(args):
> dom = args[0]
>
> if args[1].startswith('tap:'):
>- cls = 'tap'
>+ cls = 'tap2'
> else:
> cls = 'vbd'
>
>@@ -2706,7 +2706,9 @@ def xm_block_detach(args):
> dom = args[0]
> dev = args[1]
> dc = server.xend.domain.getBlockDeviceClass(dom, dev)
>- if dc == "tap":
>+ if dc == "tap2":
>+ detach(args, 'tap2')
>+ elif dc == "tap":
> detach(args, 'tap')
> else:
> detach(args, 'vbd')
>
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